Terminology

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Abdominal girth
measurement of the abdomen just above the umbilicus
ABO incompatibility
a blood incompatibility that may occur when the mother's blood type is O and the baby's blood type is either A or B.
Acidosis
(acidemia) - an excess of acid in the blood and body tissues
Adjusted Age
the age a premature baby would be if he/she had been born on their due date.
AGA
(appropriate for gestational age) - a baby who weighs between the 10th and 90th percentile by weight for his gestational age on standard growth curves.
Aid to Families with Dependent Children
(AFDC) - a government subsidized program that offers financial assistance to eligible families. Ask your social worker for additional information on this and other programs you may be eligible for.
Alpha Feto Protein
(AFP) - a protein normally produced by a fetus, which can be measured prenatally in the mother's blood to identify possible birth defects.
Alveoli
1. Tiny sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place. 2. Tiny sacs in the milk glands of the breast where breastmilk is made.
Amblyopia
a loss of vision, centered in the brain, that develops over a period of years when the brain fails to receive proper signals from a weak eye.
Amniocentesis
a procedure to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid, by passing a needle through a pregnant woman's abdomen and into her uterus. The fluid can be analyzed to detect some birth defects (such as Down syndrome), signs of infection, or to assess a fetus's lung maturity.
Amnioinfusion
a procedure in which liquid is infused into the womb through a catheter, with the goal of reestablishing a sufficient amount of amniotic fluid around the fetus. Typically done during labor after rupture of the membranes.
Amnionitis
an infection of the amniotic fluid.
Amniotic fluid
the fluid surrounding the fetus in the uterus, which serves to protect the fetus during pregnancy.
Anemia
an abnormally low number of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the tissues. In preemies, anemia can cause breathing problems, low energy, and poor growth.
Anomaly
a malformation of a part of the body.
Anoxia
inadequate oxygen in the blood and body tissues frequently a problem of premature infants with inadequate lung function.
Antepartum
prior to the birth, prenatally.
Antibiotics
medicines used to treat infection, in the newborn the most frequently used when sepsis is suspected are ampicillin and gentamicin.
Antibodies
proteins produced by the body to fight bacterial infections and viruses that have entered the body. Helpful antibodies are present in breastmilk and can be prophylactic for infection in the newborn
Aorta
the main artery leading from the heart that supplies the body with oxygenated blood.
Apgar Score
a means of measuring the adaptation of a newborn to the external environment after birth with points given from 1-10.
Apnea
a pause in breathing that lasts for more than 20 seconds, or is accompanied by a slow heart rate (Bradycardia) or a change in skin color. Apnea is common among preemies, who still have immature control of their breathing.
Arterial Blood Gases
(ABG) - blood obtained from an artery is tested to analyze its oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acid content. This is helpful in monitoring the lung function of the preterm or compromised newborn infant
Arterial catheter
a thin plastic tube placed in an artery to give nutrients, and medications, measure blood pressure, and to obtain blood for testing. Arterial catheters are most commonly placed in the umbilical artery (an umbilical artery catheter or UAC), but they may also be inserted into a peripheral artery at the wrist or ankle (peripheral arterial line or PAL)
Asphyxia
term used to indicate the interruption of blood gas exchange or blood flow, causing low oxygen and high carbon dioxide and acidosis to accumulate in the body. This can be a result of cord problems during pregnancy and birth and manifested with poor Apgar Scores and long term problems
Aspiration
1. inhaling a foreign substance such as meconium, formula, or stomach contents into the lungs; may cause aspiration pneumonia. 2. removal of material from the body by suctioning.
Asymmetric (head-sparing) growth restriction
when an SGA, or small-for-gestational age, baby is born with a normal size head circumference. Asymmetric growth restriction may occur when the body preferentially gives scarce resources to the brain rather than to the rest of the body.
Ataxic CP
a type of cerebral palsy that is characterized by uncoordinated movements and poor balance.
Atelectasis
collapsing of part of the lungs.
Bag and Mask
equipment used to administer air and or oxygen into a baby's lungs when a baby is not breathing on his own.
Bagging
term used to describe using a bag attached to a mask that covers the baby's nose and mouth to administer air and/or oxygen.
Bililights
lights used to aid the breakdown of bilirubin and reduce jaundice.
Bilirubin
a pigment produced in the breakdown of red blood cells that appears as yellow skin coloring (jaundice).
Bipap
a less invasive way of delivering continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for the treatment of poor breathing and/or lung disease. BiPAP can be used at home with careful monitoring by parents and/or skilled nurses.
Blood Gases
a test to measure oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acid content of a sample of blood; used to adjust respiratory care.
Blood group or type
a classification of blood according to the presence or absence of certain proteins. Each person belongs either to type O, A, B, or AB. Differences in blood type between mother and baby (ABO incompatibilities) can lead to anemia and jaundice in the baby. Blood is also categorized as Rh positive or Rh negative by the presence or absence of the Rh factor. When an Rh negative mother carries an Rh positive child, antibodies develop in her blood. With subsequent Rh positive pregnancies the antibodies may cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells. The resulting condition, called erythroblastosis fetalis, is characterized by plethora, bloating, severe anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
Bonding
the emotional and physical process by which parents and their baby become emotionally attached.
BPD
(see bronchopulmonary dysplasia) (see Chronic Lung Disease (CLD))
Bradycardia
a slow heart rate or a significant drop in the heart rate below the normal rate for that individual. Absolute bradycardia is generally a heartbeat below 90 beats per minute. However, for some babies any significant drop below their normal rate may indicate relative bradycardia, which may be abnormal in certain situations and may have to be treated.
Brain bleed
bleeding or hemorrhaging in the brain.
Brain death
an absence of electrical impulses from the brain.
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response Test (BAER)
a method of detecting hearing loss in infants in which the baby's brain wave responses to various sounds are measured.
Braxton-Hicks contractions
contractions of the uterus that occur at irregular intervals during pregnancy and do not lead to labor or effacement or dilation of the cervix. Some have called for this term to be eliminated due to the confusion about symptoms of preterm labor.
Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale (BNAS)
tests of a newborn's reflexes, behavior, and responses to his environment, it was developed in 1973 by Dr. T. Berry Brazelton and his colleagues. The scale represents a guide that helps parents, health care providers and researchers understand the newborn's language.
Breech delivery
when a baby is born bottom or feet first.
Brethine
(see terbutaline)
Bronchial tubes
the tubes that lead from the trachea to the lungs.
Bronchioles
small tubes that branch off from the bronchial tubes.
Bronchiolitis
an inflammation or infection of the bronchioles.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
a chronic infant condition of the lungs typically occurring several weeks or longer after an infant has had respiratory distress and received ventilator support.
Bronchoscopy
a procedure that involves looking inside a baby's trachea and bronchi with a fiber optic scope, used to identify pathology in the respiratory system
Caffeine
a stimulant drug used in the newborn for the treatment of apnea.
Caffeine Citrate
see Caffeine
Candida albicans (monilia)
the fungus that causes thrush and other "yeast" infections.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
a gaseous waste product of respiration that is carried by the blood to the lungs where it is exhaled.
Cath toes
temporary discoloration of a baby's toes due to decreased blood flow to the toes, sometimes due to an umbilical artery catheter.
Catheters
plastic tubing inserted into the body, including those catheters used for feeding, suctioning, delivering IV fluids, and removing urine for specimens.
CBC
(see complete blood count)
Cc
cubic centimeter; a metric measurement used to measure fluid; one cc is the same as one ml (milliliter); 5 cc = 1 teaspoon, 15 cc = 1/2 ounce, 30 cc = 1 ounce, 60 cc = 2 ounces.
Celestone
(see betamethasone)
Central line
an intravenous line that is threaded through the vein until it reaches a position close to the heart. Central lines are used to administer 1. Solutions containing high concentrations of sugar or protein or 2. Medications that must be given for a prolonged period.
Cerclage
a surgical procedure in which the cervix is sutured closed, to prevent dilation and premature delivery.
Cerebral palsy (CP)
permanent neurological damage that can result in difficulty with coordinated movements. Intelligence may be normal in those with CP.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that circulates around the brain and spinal column.
Cervix
the lower section of the uterus, which dilates (opens) and effaces (thins and shortens) during labor and delivery to allow for the passage of the infant.
Chest physiotherapy (CPT)
tapping or vibrating the chest to loosen mucus from the lungs before suctioning.
Chest tube
a tube surgically inserted through the chest wall and into the chest cavity (between the collapsed lung and the chest wall) to remove air or fluid that has caused a lung to collapse. It allows the lung to re expand.
Chorioamnionitis
a prenatal or intrapartum infection of the amniotic fluid and chorion and amnion ( bag of water)
Chronic lung disease (CLD)
chronic injury or scarring in a preterm or sick infant's lungs thought to be caused by the action of oxygen and mechanical ventilation on immature or very ill lungs over time. Formerly called "bronchopulmonary dysplasia".
CLD
abbreviation for "chronic lung disease."
CMV
(see Cytomegalovirus)
Cochlear implant
a device that is surgically implanted in the inner ear, it picks up sounds from the environment and directly stimulates the auditory nerve. A cochlear implant is one approach to dealing with a profound hearing impairment.
Colostomy
a surgically created opening to allow the colon, the lower section of the large intestine, to empty directly through the abdominal wall.
Colostrum
breastmilk produced in late pregnancy or in the first 3-5 days after delivery. This milk is usually yellowish in color and is especially rich in nutrients and antibodies.
Conductive hearing loss
a temporary or permanent type of hearing loss caused by middle ear problems.
Cone biopsy
a surgical procedure in which tissue from the cervix is removed in the shape of a cone to check it for malignancy. The procedure is associated with an increased risk for later preterm delivery.
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)
a type of birth defect in which a hole in the diaphragm that allows abdominal organs to come into the chest, causing poor development of the lung on one or both sides.
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
a respiratory therapy for preterm infants with immature lungs that forces a constant flow of air into the lungs through a narrow tube placed in one or both nostrils. Also called positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP).
Corrected age
(see Adjusted Age)1. The age of a premature baby determined by adding his postnatal days to his gestational age at birth. A baby who is fourteen days old and was born at twenty-six weeks would have a corrected age of twenty-eight weeks. 2. The age a premature baby would be if he had been born on his due date. For example, a baby born 3 months early is, at the actual age of 7 months, only 4 months old according to his corrected age.
CP
(see cerebral palsy)
CPT
(Chest Physical Therapy) - tapping or vibrating the chest of a baby with respiratory problems to loosen mucus.
CSF
(see cerebrospinal fluid)
Cultures and sensitivities
samples of fluid or other material from the body are placed in special cultures that encourage the growth of any infectious organisms present. Organisms that grow are then tested for their sensitivity to specific antibiotics.
Cyanosis
condition in which the skin, lips and nails are bluish in color from lack of oxygen in the blood.
Cytomegalovirus
(CMV) - a type of virus that may infect a baby either before or after birth. In some cases CMV causes severe illness and birth defects.
Decadron
the trade name for dexamethasone, a steroid drug used to mature the lungs of the fetus prior to birth, the medication can also be used to reduce swelling in the brain following a brain injury or may be given to a baby who has BPD to enable the physicians to wean the respirator
Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST)
a screening test to help identify infants and children with developmental delays.
DES
(see diethylstilbestrol)
Developmental delay
a delay in reaching certain developmental milestones, relative to most other children of the same age. In preemies, developmental delays may be temporary or permanent. Also included: hearing or vision impairment, behavioral problems such as extreme irritability or inconsolability, and learning disabilities.
Developmental Pediatrician
a specially trained medical doctor who is primarily concerned with the evaluation of children who are at risk or who may show signs of developmental problems.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose levels are above normal. Most of the food we eat is turned into glucose, or sugar, for our bodies to use for energy. The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach, makes a hormone called insulin to help glucose get into the cells of our bodies. When you have diabetes, your body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't use its own insulin as well as it should. This causes sugar to build up in the blood.
Type 1 diabetes, which was previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes, may account for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes, which was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes, may account for about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that only pregnant women have. Untreated, it can cause problems for mothers and babies. Gestational diabetes develops in 2% to 5% of all pregnancies but typically disappears at delivery or shortly thereafter.
DIC
(see disseminated intravascular coagulation)
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
a synthetic estrogen drug prescribed for pregnant women from the 1930s to the early 1970s to prevent miscarriage and premature labor. The drug was found to cause physical abnormalities in the genitalia of the daughters of women who took it. So-called DES daughters are also at increased risk of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, and preterm labor.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
a condition in which the platelets and clotting factors of the blood are consumed because of infection, hypoxia, acidosis, or other diseases or injuries. Without sufficient platelets and clotting factors, there is a tendency to bleed excessively. Transfusion of platelets or exchange transfusions may be given to correct this condition.
Dizygotic twins
non identical, fraternal twins therefore different genetics.
Donor Specific Blood
blood that has been donated specifically for one baby from a family member or friend
Doppler
1. A monitoring device attached to a special blood pressure cuff to give intermittent blood pressure measurements; 2. Part of an ultrasound study to measurer blood flow.
Down syndrome
a chromosomal abnormality, sometimes referred to as mongolism, characterized by physical malformations and varying degrees of mental retardation. Often caused by an extra number 21 chromosome.
DPT
(diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) - used to refer to the immunizations against these diseases.
Dubowitz
assessment -an assessment of edema, skin texture, color, and opacity, lanugo, plantar creases, nipples and breasts, ear form and firmness, genitals and neurological signs to determine the baby's gestational age at birth.
Ductus arteriosus
a blood vessel in the fetus that joins the aorta with the pulmonary artery in order to divert most blood away from the fetal lungs. This blood vessel must close after birth so that blood can flow properly to the lungs to receive oxygen.
Dysmature
refers to a baby whose weight gain stops in the weeks before birth as a result of poor placental functioning.
Dyspnea
shortness of breath or difficult breathing
Early Intervention Program
physical therapy that is applied early in a child's life to fully train muscles in an attempt to maximize motor skills and development.
EBM
abbreviation for expressed breastmilk. Milk from the breast that is expressed by hand or with a breast pump to be fed to a mother's own baby.
Echocardiogram
an ultrasonographic method of recording a picture of the heart as it is produced by the echo of sound waves. This can be used to evaluate both the structure and function of the heart.
Eclampsia
seizures, occurring in a pregnant woman hypertension of pregnancy.
ECMO
(Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) – a modified heart-lung bypass machine that may be used following heart surgery, for some congenital defects or for some severe lung diseases. Typically used in babies over 2000 Grams and greater than 34 weeks gestation.
Edema
fluid retention in the body tissues that causes swelling.
EEG (electroencephalogram)
a tracing of the electrical impulses of the brain.
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
a record of the electrical activity of the heart.
Electrolytes
chemicals that, when dissolved in water, can conduct an electrical current. The main electrolytes in the human body are sodium (Na) and Potassium (K). They play important roles in the proper functioning of the cells.
Endotracheal Tube (ET Tube)
a soft plastic tube placed into the baby's nose or mouth and down the windpipe (trachea) to give oxygen and to help your baby breathe. Placing the tube is called "intubating," removing the tube is called "extubating
Epilepsy
disorder of the nervous system that results in periodic convulsions or seizures
Episiotomy
an incision made to widen the vaginal opening during childbirth.
Erythroblastosis fetalis
a condition in which the fetus develops severe swelling of the tissues and fluid around the lungs, heart and intestines. The most common cause is severe anemia due to blood incompatibilities of the fetus and mother, but there are many possible causes.
Erythrocyte
a red blood cell
Erythropoietin
this is a natural hormone that stimulates the body to produce red blood cells. It can be made in the laboratory, and given to preemies to help prevent or treat anemia.
ET Tube
(see Endotracheal tube)
Exchange transfusion
a type of blood transfusion in which the infant's blood is removed in small amounts and simultaneously replaced with the same amounts of donor blood, often to dilute harmful concentrations of bilirubin.
Extremely Low Birth Weight
a baby born weighing between 1 pound 8 ounces and 3 pounds 8 ounces.
Extubation
the removal of the endotracheal tube.
Fetal circulation
the special pattern of blood flow in an unborn baby in which the blood flows to and from the placenta to receive oxygen and nutrients, and to discharge wastes.
Fetal fibronectin
an extra cellular matrix protein helping to keep the placenta and membranes attached to the uterine lining. Low free levels of fibronectin detected after 24 weeks gestation can help reassure that a preterm delivery is not imminent.
Fetus
the developing baby from approximately the ninth week of pregnancy until birth.
Fibroids
benign (non cancerous) growths in the uterine wall.
Fine motor skills
skills involving the coordination of the small muscles such as those in the hand.
Fontanel
the "soft spot" on the top of the baby's head between the un-joined sections of the skull.
Fraternal twins
twins formed when two separate eggs are simultaneously released and fertilized.
Full-term (FT)
an infant born between the thirty-seventh and forty-second weeks of gestation.
GA
(see gestational age)
Gastroesophageal reflux
often referred to as "GE reflux" or just "reflux", this is a condition in which contents of the stomach come back up into the esophagus, similar to heartburn in adults.
Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract)
the stomach and intestines
Gastrostomy
a surgically created opening in the abdominal wall to provide nutrition directly to the stomach when the esophagus is blocked or injured, or to provide drainage after abdominal surgery.
Gavage Feeding
a method of feeding breast milk or formula through a small tube passed through the baby's mouth or nose into the stomach.
Gavage tube
a small, plastic tube placed from the nose to stomach (called a nasogastric or NG tube) or from the mouth to stomach (called an orogastric or OG tube) through which the baby receives formula, breast milk or medications; also may be used to allow air to escape when baby is on NCPAP.
Genetic abnormality
a disorder arising from abnormalities in the chromosomes of each cell that may or may not be hereditary. Chromosomes are made up of "genes" which contain basic information for the development of the fetus.
Genetic counseling
advice and information provided by trained professional counselors on the detection and risk of occurrence of genetic abnormalities.
Gestational Age
the period of time from conception to birth measured in weeks. A full-term infant has a gestational age of 37-42 weeks.
Gram
a unit of measuring weight. 30 grams = 1 ounce. Typically NICU babies are weighed daily and the weight is measured in grams (454 grams = 1 pound).
Grunting
a noise made while breathing indicating respiratory distress.
Guaiac
pronounced "GWY-ak," this is a test performed on a sample of a baby's stool, to see whether there is any blood in it that isn't visible to the naked eye.
HA (hyperalimentation)
(see TPN total parenteral nutrition)
Head Ultrasound
test used for looking at structures in the brain using sound waves; used in detecting bleeding into the brain or other suspected abnormalities.
Heat probe
a small probe, usually placed on the stomach or back, to monitor body temperature and regulate the warming table or incubator temperature.
Heat shield
a small, plastic shield placed over a baby that creates an additional protection against cooling.
Heel stick
a method of obtaining small blood samples by pricking the baby's heel.
HELLP syndrome
short for Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets, HELLP syndrome is a severe form of preeclampsia occurring during pregnancy. It involves dangerous abnormalities of blood clotting with liver damage, and carries a risk of stroke or even death.
Hemangioma
an abnormal build up of blood vessels in the skin or internal organs that can occur anywhere on the body. The classically recognized hemangioma is a visible red skin lesion that may be in the top skin layers (capillary hemangioma) or deeper in the skin (cavernous hemangioma). Cavernous hemangiomas may develop secondary infections and ulcerate. Bleeding is a common occurrence with hemangiomas. Treatment of cavernous hemangiomas consists of injection of the lesion with steroids along with systemic steroids and/or laser ablation. Depending on the location and size of the hemangioma, breathing, feeding and other vital functions may be affected.
Hemolysis
the rupture or breakdown of red blood cells.
Hemolytic
pertaining to hemolysis.
Heparin Lock or Heplock
insertion of a small amount of heparin (a medication that keeps the blood from clotting) into an IV so it can be clamped off temporarily and used again at a later time for medications.
Hernia
a weakness in the abdominal wall that causes a portion of the intestines to protrude into the umbilical or inguinal area. This may also occur with a problem of the diaphragm that causes the bowel to enter the chest cavity, resulting in underdevelopment of the lung.
Herpes
a virus that produces sores on the mouth or genitals. In infants, it can cause a severe body-wide-infection often leading to death or neurological damage.
HMD
(see hyaline membrane disease)
Hood (oxyhood)
a small, plexiglass hood placed over the infant's head through which oxygen is given.
Humidified mist
warm mist placed over the premature baby within the first days to help prevent water loss and keep his/her skin from drying and cracking.
Hyaline membrane disease (HMD)
also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Respiratory distress that affects premature babies. It is caused by a lack of surfactant, the substance that keeps the lung air sacs (alveoli) from collapsing.
Hydrocephalus
an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles (fluid filled spaces) of the brain. In preemies, hydrocephalus most often occurs after a severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).
Hyperalimentation
an IV solution which contains protein, sugar, and necessary vitamins and minerals given to a baby who will not be able to take full milk feedings for several days or weeks. (See total parenteral nutrition)
Hyperbilirubinemia
excess bilirubin in the blood.
Hypercalcemia
an excessive amount of calcium in the blood.
Hypercapnia (hypercarbia)
an excess of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.
Hyperglycemia
abnormally high sugar levels in the blood.
Hyperkalemia
excessive amounts of potassium in the blood.
Hypernatremia
excessive amounts of sodium in the blood.
Hyperthermia
abnormally high body temperature.
Hyperventilation
abnormally rapid breathing.
Hypocalcemia
abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood.
Hypoglycemia
abnormally low glucose in the blood.
Hypokalemia
too little potassium in the blood.
Hyponatremia
too little sodium in the blood.
Hypotension
abnormally low blood pressure.
Hypothermia
abnormally low body temperature, a frequent problem with low-birth weight premature babies.
Hypovolemia
an abnormally low volume of blood in the body.
Hypoxia
a lack of sufficient oxygen.
Iatrogenic
an injury or disease caused by medical treatment.
ICH
(see intracranial hemorrhage)
ICN
abbreviation for "intensive care nursery".
Identical twins
twins that result from the division of a single fertilized egg in to two separate embryos.
IDM
abbreviation for "infant of a diabetic mother."
IL
(see Intralipid)
Ileostomy
a surgically created opening to allow the ileus, the part of the intestine above the colon, to empty directly through the abdominal wall.
IM
(see intramuscular injection)
Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO)
Nitric oxide or Nitrogen monoxide is a chemical compound that can be toxic but also plays a beneficial role in cardiovascular health. It should not be confused with Nitrous Oxide, an anesthetic agent also known as laughing gas. In neonatal care, inhaled Nitric Oxide/Oxygen blends are used to promote capillary and pulmonary dilation to treat Primary Pulmonary Hypertension.
In utero
within the womb.
Inborn
a child born and treated in the same hospital, a baby who was not transported to receive intensive care.
Incompetent cervix
a cervix that opens usually without labor contractions in mid to late pregnancy, often causing a miscarriage or premature birth.
Incubator (Isolette)
an enclosed bed that provides a heated environment for a baby who needs help keeping warm.
Indomethacin
a drug sometimes used to close the patent ductus arteriosus.
Infiltrate
1. temporary bruising, redness or swelling around an IV site caused by leakage of IV fluid out of a vein and under the skin. 2. Fluid or other foreign substances in the alveoli of the lungs, seen as fuzzy areas on a chest x-ray.
Interleukin 6
a protein whose high levels in amniotic fluid or in an expectant mother's blood can signal a uterine infection, possibly leading to preterm delivery.
Intra ventricular Hemorrhage (IVH)
bleeding or hemorrhage into some part of the brain.
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)
bleeding in or around the brain.
Intralipid
IV high-calorie fat solution given intravenously with "hyperal” given for nourishment and growth.
Intrauterine growth retardation or restriction (IUGR)
refers to a baby who is smaller by weight than normal for her gestation age at birth. This can be caused by various fetal or maternal complications.
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)
bleeding occurring in an inner part of the brain, near the ventricles, where premature babies have blood vessels that are particularly fragile and prone to rupture.
Intubation
Insertion of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea
Isolette (Incubator)
a transparent plastic box, equipped with a heating system, to keep premature babies warm.
IUGR
(see intrauterine growth retardation or restriction)
IVC
indwelling venous catheter.
IVH
(see intraventricular hemorrhage)
Jaundice
a yellowish discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by a buildup of bilirubin in the body. Also known as hyperbilirubinemia, a condition that occurs when there is an overabundance of bilirubin in the body.
K
(chemical symbol for potassium)
Kangaroo Care
holding a baby against one's chest, so there is skin-to-skin contact.
Kernicterus
damage to nervous system caused by very high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
Kilogram (kg)
unit of weight of the metric system that equals 1000 grams or 2.2 pounds.
KUB
an x-ray of the infant's abdomen (stomach and intestines).
L/S ratio
the ratio between lecithin and sphingomyelin (components of surfactant) in the amniotic fluid. The ratio/test indicates the maturity or immaturity of the unborn baby's lungs.
Lactation Consultant
a person who is trained to assist mothers with breast pumping or breastfeeding.
Lanugo
fine hair seen mostly on premature infants; though it usually covers the entire body, it is most noticeable on the baby's shoulders and back.
Large for gestational age (LGA)
newborn infant who weighs more than 4 kilograms at birth or is above the 90th percentile in weight at birth for his gestational age.
Large motor skills
skills such as crawling and walking that involve the coordination of large muscle groups.
Laryngoscope
tool with a long, lighted, hollow metal tube and handle. Used in intubation to see the vocal cords and guide the endotracheal tube between them.
LBW
(see low-birthweight infant)
Lecithin
one of the components of surfactant (produced in the lungs).
Let-down reflex
automatic response of the mother causing a release of milk into the milk ducts within the breasts and down to the nipples, sometimes accompanied by a tingling sensation.
LGA
(see large for gestational age)
Liquid Ventilation
a respiration technique that pumps fluids into the lungs through an endotracheal tube and replaces the air-lung function with a fluid-lung function to recreate the in utero environment and keep the air sacs expanded.
Low birthweight infant (LBW)
baby who weighs less than 5 1/2 pounds (2500 gm) at birth; regardless of the gestation.
Lower respiratory tract infection (LRI)
an infection affecting the larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchial tubes, the bronchioles, or the lungs.
LP
(see lumbar puncture)
LRI
(see lower respiratory tract infection)
Lumbar puncture (LP)
the procedure of withdrawing a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the vertebrae of the lower back.
Macrosomia
Infant that weighs more than 4 kilograms at birth, diabetic mothers have an increased risk for delivery of a macrosomic infant
Magnesium sulfate
a drug used in pregnancy prior to the birth in the treatment of preeclampsia or toxemia and for tocolysis of pre-term labor.
Mastitis
an inflammation or infection of the mammary gland or breast.
MBD
(see minimal brain dysfunction)
Meconium
baby's first bowel movements, usually dark green or black and of a pasty consistency.
Meconium aspiration
condition when the baby inhales meconium during or before his/her birth and which may cause pneumonia.
Meconium staining
refers to staining of the amniotic fluid, placenta, infant's umbilical cord, skin or nails with meconium. In some instances, meconium stained fluid indicates the fetus was in distress before birth.
Meningocoele
a birth defect in which there is a protrusion of the meninges (the tissue lining the brain and spinal cord) through an opening in the skull or spinal column.
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
a bacterial infection resistant to all forms of penicillin, including Methicillin, Oxacillin and Amoxicillin. Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium found on the skin of healthy people. If it gets into the body, it can cause a minor infection such as boils or pimples or serious infections such as pneumonia or blood infections. Staph infections, including MRSA, occur most frequently among people in hospitals who have weakened immune systems. Currently, the only antibiotic effective against MRSA is Vancomycin.
Milia
small white or yellow, “pimple-like” bumps on the infant's skin, usually on the nose or chin, which will go away without treatment as baby gets older.
Minimal brain dysfunction (MBD)
syndrome in which children experience behavioral problems and/or learning disabilities due to abnormalities in the central nervous system.
Mongolian spots
bluish spots over the lower back or buttocks that may be present at birth, usually found on dark-skinned infants.
Monilia
(see Candida albicans)
Monozygotic twins
identical twins that have the same genes.
Moro reflex
a type of involuntary response that is present at birth. It normally disappears after 3 or 4 months.
Nasal CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure used to prevent air sacs in the lungs from collapsing by providing pressure and oxygen through prongs placed in the baby's nose. Occasionally this includes a tube placed in one nostril to the back of the throat only.
Nasal flaring
when the baby's nostrils open widely with breaths, usually an indication of trouble breathing.
NATUS
type of screening test for newborn hearing.
NBIC
an abbreviation for newborn intensive care.
NBICU
an abbreviation for newborn intensive care unit.
Nebulizer
a device that humidifies (adds water vapor to) oxygen and/or air delivered to the baby.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
an intestinal disease, most common in young preemies, in which portions of the bowel are damaged or destroyed because of poor blood flow, inflammation, or infection.
Neonatal period
the first 28 days of life.
Neonatal Seizures
may involve motor, behavioral or autonomic function. During a seizure, the infant is at risk for respiratory depression and cardiac arrest. Newborn seizures may cause brain injury and are a risk factor that markedly increases rates of long-term morbidity and neonatal mortality. The presence of neonatal seizures is the best predictor of long-term physical and cognitive deficits.
Neonatal Pharmacist
a person who is specially trained and educated in dispensing medication for babies.
NG Tube
(see Nasogastric tube)
NICU
abbreviation for Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
Nippling
describes infant sucking on the nipple of a bottle.
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide or Nitrogen monoxide is a chemical compound that can be toxic but also plays a beneficial role in cardiovascular health. It should not be confused with Nitrous Oxide, an anesthetic agent also known as laughing gas. In neonatal care, inhaled Nitric Oxide/Oxygen blends are used to promote capillary and pulmonary dilation to treat Primary Pulmonary Hypertension.
Non-stress test
a test in which the unborn baby's heartbeat is monitored to detect abnormal patterns indicating fetal distress.
Obstructive apnea
a pause in breathing that occurs because a baby's airway is obstructed and little air can get through.
Oligohydramnois
a condition of too little amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus before birth.
Omphalocele
a congenital defect that allows the intestines to protrude through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall.
Oro-Gastric Tube
a narrow, flexible tube that is threaded through the mouth, down the esophagus, and into the stomach. It is used to deliver nourishment or to remove air or fluid from the stomach.
Oscillating ventilator
also called a high-frequency ventilator, an oscillating ventilator keeps a baby's lungs continuously inflated by providing tiny quantities of air at extremely rapid rates.
Ostopenia
a condition of the bones, in which the bones lose minerals (demineralization), become weak, and break easily.
Otitis media
a bacterial or viral infection of the middle ear.
Otoacoustic Emission Test (OAE)
an audiological test in which a small microphone is placed just inside the baby's ear to measure sounds.
Outborn
term used to describe a newborn baby who is transported after birth to another facility.
Oximeter
a machine used to measure the saturation of oxygen in the blood.
Oxygen
gas essential for life which is carried by the blood from the lungs to the tissues, "Room air" contains 21% oxygen
Oxygen Hood (Oxyhood)
a small plastic hood placed over the baby's head to give him a measured amount of oxygen and warm mist.
Oxygen Therapy
any method of delivering supplemental oxygen to the infant.
Oxytocin
(Pitocin) a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions and the "let-down response" in lactating mothers.
Parenteral nutrition
nutrition that is given intravenously
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
a condition in which the blood vessel opening in the heart area does not close as it should shortly after birth. The ductus arteriosus usually closes in the first two weeks of life in term infants but may remain open in the preterm infant, requiring treatment or surgery to close it.
Pavulon (pancuronium)
a drug that produces temporary paralysis. It may be used to keep a baby from resisting the respirator.
PCO2 (PaCO2)
the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; a measure of the carbon dioxide content of the blood.
PDA
(see patent ductus arteriosus)
PDBM/PDHM
abbreviations for pasteurized donor breastmilk/pasteurized donor human milk. Milk from donor mothers that is heat treated and therefore sterile.
Perinatal
the period of time including pregnancy through the first twenty-eight days after delivery.
Periodic breathing
breathing interrupted by pauses as long as 10 to 20 seconds. Periodic breathing is common in premature infants.
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
small cysts found in the brain that may result in cerebral palsy. The cause is not known, but may be associated with maternal infection or periods of low oxygen to the brain.
Persistent fetal circulation (PFC)
persistence, after birth, of a pattern of circulation typical of the fetus in which blood bypasses the lungs through an open or patent ductus arteriosus.
Petechiae
a pin-point rash caused by tiny hemorrhages from the blood vessels close to the surface of the skin.
pH
the symbol for hydrogen ion concentration. It expresses the degree to which a solution is acid or alkaline. The lower the pH, the more acid the solution.
Phototherapy
fluorescent lights placed over the infant to treat jaundice.
PIE (pulmonary interstitial emphysema)
a complication in which there are many tiny tears in the air sacs or small airways of a baby's lung, causing air to leak out of them.
Placenta previa
a pregnancy complication, usually signaled by painless vaginal bleeding, in which the placenta partly or completely covers the cervix. A cesarean delivery is necessary to prevent a serious maternal or infant hemorrhage.
Placental abruption/abruptio
a pregnancy complication, commonly signaled by vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain, in which part of the placenta detaches from the wall of the uterus, affecting the blood and oxygen supply to the fetus. When the area of abruption is large, it may require an emergency delivery.
Platelets
part of blood needed for adequate clotting; also called thrombocytes.
Pneumogram or Pneumocardiogram (PCG)
a study of an infant's heart and respiratory patterns done over a continuous 12-hour period to detect any abnormal breathing patterns.
Pneumothorax
a collection of air in the chest but outside the lung causing the lung to collapse. It is treated by inserting a chest tube through the chest wall to withdraw the air.
PO2 (PaO2)
the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; a measure of the carbon dioxide content of the blood.
Polycythemia
an abnormally high number of red blood cells, a condition that causes poor circulation.
Polyhydramnios
an excessive amount of amniotic fluid, which can overly distend the uterus, and lead to preterm labor and delivery. May be associated with problems of the fetus swallowing the amniotic fluid.
Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)
treatment with a respirator with a constant amount of pressure exerted on the infant's lungs to keep them expanded during and after breaths.
Postpartum
after delivery.
Postural drainage (PD)
a method of tilting the baby in various positions to allow mucus to drain easily from the lungs.
Preeclampsia
the maternal condition of elevated blood pressure, edema of the hands and feet, and the presence of protein in the urine during a woman's pregnancy. Also known as toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension. When preeclampsia is severe, a medically indicated preterm delivery may become necessary.
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)
(see preeclampsia)
Premature Infant
a baby born between 20 weeks and the thirty-seventh completed week of pregnancy.
Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM)
the breaking of the membranes or bag of water surrounding the fetus before the beginning of labor; may occur before a term or a preterm delivery.
Prenatal
before birth.
Preterm Birth
birth between 20 and 37 completed weeks of gestation
Preterm Labor
Regular uterine contractions that occur between 20 weeks and 37 completed weeks of gestation that are accompanied by cervical change
Prostaglandins
substances found in body tissues that can cause contractions of the smooth muscles and the widening of certain blood vessels. Prostaglandins are thought to be involved in the process of labor.
Pulmonary hypertension
an inability of the blood vessels of the lungs to relax and open up. Poor circulation through the lungs and poor oxygenation of the blood result. Respiratory therapy and inhaled or IV drugs may be used to relax the lungs' constricted vessels to help treat this condition.
Pulmonary insufficiency of the premature (PIP)
a type of respiratory distress afflicting the earliest premature infants. It is caused as much by an immaturity of the lung tissue as by a lack of surfactant. The treatment is the same as for RDS.
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE)
a complication in which there are many tiny tears in the air sacs or small airways of a baby's lung, causing air to leak out of them.
Pulse oximeter
a monitoring device used as a general indicator of a baby's oxygenation. This noninvasive device is taped to the skin, usually a finger or foot, for oxygen level readings.
PVL
(see periventricular leukomalacia)
Radiant Warmer
an open bed with a heat source that allows immediate access to newborn and sick preemies while maintaining a warm air temperature.
Rales
abnormal crackling noises in the chest/lungs made by air passing through congested bronchial tubes.
RDS
(see respiratory distress syndrome)
Regionalization
a system for providing appropriate care to all mothers and infants within a specific geographical region. Perinatal care may be provided at primary (Level I), secondary (Level II), or tertiary (Level III) centers depending on the risk status of mother and baby. The low-risk pregnancy can be managed at a primary center-a regular hospital delivery room and nursery, where basic emergency equipment and trained personnel are available if needed. A secondary center has trained staff and special equipment to care for a pregnant woman or for an infant with moderate problems. A tertiary, or third level, center has all the staff and technology needed to manage serious medical problems of the mother or infant. Intensive care nurseries are usually found in Level II or III (tertiary) centers.
Residuals
the amount of undigested food left in the stomach after a reasonable length of time has elapsed for digestion.
Respirator
a mechanical device used to substitute for, or to assist with breathing. (see ventilation) Also referred to as a vent.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
a condition (formerly known as hyaline membrane disease) in newborns that causes the child to have difficulty breathing. It is caused by an insufficient supply of a naturally occurring substance called surfactant that helps expand the small air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. Alveoli tend to collapse and interrupt oxygenation requiring intubation and various forms of respiratory support.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
a respiratory infection that is quite common and can have serious implications in babies born premature or with BPD. It is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia among children under 1 year of age.
Retina
the lining of the back of the eye that receives visual images.
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
a disease affecting the retina of a preterm baby's eye. ROP can lead to serious eye complications and even blindness. Formerly called retrolental fibroplasia.
Retractions
sign of difficulty breathing, noted by inward pulling (retracting) of the chest muscles, causing an indentation of the middle of the chest and between the ribs.
Retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) (see retinopathy of prematurity (ROP))
an eye disease common in preterm infants.
RhoGAM
injections given a mother with Rh-negative blood after the birth of an Rh-positive baby. These injections prevent the mother from developing antibodies that could harm a future Rh-positive baby.
Ritodrine (Yutopar)
one of the betamimetic drugs used to stop preterm labor. The only FDA approved medication for tocolysis.
RLF
abbreviation for retrolental fibroplasias. (See Retinopathy of Prematurity).
Room Air (RA)
the normal air we all breathe which has an oxygen concentration of approximately 21%.
ROP
abbreviation for retinopathy of prematurity.
RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)
a common virus that could be serious in premature babies, causing infections such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis.
SaO2 (sats)
measure of oxygen in the blood; in most cases, a reading on a pulse oximeter of 82 or higher can be expected.
Scleral buckle
a surgical procedure used to repair a detached retina, it involves placing a band of silicone - like a best - around the sclera, or white of the eye.
Sensorineural hearing loss
a hearing impairment resulting from damage to the structures of the inner ear or to the nerves that conduct sound impulses to the brain.
Sepsis -
infection.
Septic Work Up
tests done to check for an infection (sepsis). These tests typically include blood and urine cultures, CBC (complete blood count), and LP (Lumbar Puncture).
Serous otitis
fluid accumulation in the middle ear.
SGA
(see small for gestational age)
Shunt
1. An artificially created passage between two areas of the body, as in a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt for hydrocephalus, a tube that drains fluid from the ventricles of the brain into the peritoneum (the abdominal cavity). 2. A naturally existing, but abnormal, connection between two areas of the body, as in a right-to-left or left-to-right shunt through the ductus arteriosus.
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
crib death, the death of an infant during sleep from unknown causes.
Small for gestational age (SGA)
a newborn is considered small-for-gestational age if the birth weight is below the tenth percentile on the standard growth curve for her age.
Sonogram
an ultrasound picture
Spastic diplegia
the most common type of cerebral palsy among preemies, it is characterized by stiff ("spastic") muscle tone, affecting mainly the legs and feet ("diplegia").
Sphingomyelin
a component of surfactant, the substance which helps keep the lungs open. (See surfactant)
Spinal Tap (LP)
insertion of a small needle through the back into the spinal column to obtain a sample of spinal fluid.
Step-down unit
a nursery for babies that provides less intensive care than that given in an NICU; may also be called an intermediate care nursery, a level II unit, or a special care nursery unit.
Strabismus
a misalignment of the eye muscles that may cause the eyes to turn inward (crossed eyes or esotropia) or turn outward (wall eye or exotropia).
Stress test
during pregnancy, a test to monitor fetal heart rate changes in response to induced contractions. Abnormal heart rate patterns may indicate fetal distress and need for emergent delivery to avoid fetal complications and/or death.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
bleeding in the subarachnoid space, the area around the outside of the brain.
Sudden infant death syndrome
(see SIDS)
Surfactant
a substance produced by the lung that serves as a coating in the air sacs and keeps the tiny air sacs open between breaths. Surfactant is often lacking in preterm babies leading to respiratory distress syndrome. Today there are prescription surfactants that can dramatically improve a preterm baby's lungs.
Symmetric growth restriction
when an SGA, or small-for-gestational-age baby, has a head circumference, length and birth weight that is below the tenth percentile for gestational age.
Tachycardia
heart rate more than 170 beats per minute in the newborn, while resting.
Tachypnea
a respiratory rate above what is considered normal for infants (above 60 breaths per minute).
TCPO2 Monitor
transcutaneous oxygen monitor measures the amount of oxygen in the blood by a probe placed on the baby's skin.
Terbutaline (Brethine)
a medication used in the treatment of asthma that is also used by some physicians to stop preterm labor contractions.
Term infant
an infant born between approximately thirty-seven and forty-two weeks of gestation.
Theophylline
a stimulant drug sometimes used in the treatment of apnea.
Thermoregulation
a regulation of body temperature.
Thrombocytes
(see platelets)
Thrombocytopenia
abnormal decrease in the number of blood platelets.
Thrush
a fungus infection of the mouth characterized by white patches on a red inflamed surface. Can be secondary to antibiotic use.
Tocolytic drugs
drugs to relax the uterus and halt uterine contractions. They can be given to a pregnant woman to treat preterm labor.
TORCH
a group of maternal infections that can cause serious effects on the fetus: Toxoplasmosis, Other viruses, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes simplex virus.
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN; hyperalimentation)
a type of nutrition that is administered through intravenous infusion. TPN provides the essential nutrients needed for growth and development.
Toxemia of pregnancy
(see preeclampsia)
TPN
(see total parenteral nutrition)
Transcutaneous monitor (TCM)
measures oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood instantly and continuously by the use of a skin probe.
Trimester
a period of three months. A 9-month pregnancy is divided into first, second, and third trimesters.
Tube feeding
(see gavage feeding)
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS)
a condition of the placenta that can occur in identical twin pregnancies. TTTS results in blood passing disproportionately from one twin baby to the other through connecting blood vessels within the shared placenta.
UAC/UVC (Umbilical Artery Catheter/Umbilical Vein Catheter)
a soft plastic tube inserted into an artery or vein in the baby's umbilicus in order to give IV fluids or medications, to monitor blood pressure and obtain blood for tests.
UAL
umbilical artery line. (See UAC/UVC)
Ultrasound (sonogram)
a noninvasive diagnostic technique that records pictures of body tissues and organs though the echoes of high-frequency sound waves.
Umbilical arterial catheter (UAC)
thin, plastic tubing placed in an artery of the umbilicus; used to give fluids, obtain blood samples and monitor blood pressure.
Umbilical venous catheter (UVC)
thin, plastic tubing inserted into the vein in the umbilicus to give fluid and monitor pressure.
UTI
abbreviation for urinary tract infection; usually refers to infections of the bladder.
UVL
umbilical venous line. (See UAV/UVC)
Ventilator: 'Respirator'
a machine used to assist with breathing.
Ventricle
a small chamber; specifically, in the center of the brain or heart.
Vernix
white, fatty substance that protects the fetus' skin in utero.
Very low birth weight (VLBW)
an infant, of any gestational age, who weighs less than 1,500 grams at birth.
Viable
term used to describe an infant is able to survive outside of the womb.
Vitrectomy
this surgical procedure, used to repair a detached retina, involves removing some of the jelly-like substance that fills the eye (the vitreous humor), so the surgeon can reach and reposition the detached portion of the retina.
VP (ventriculo-peritoneal) shunt
a long-term treatment for hydrocephalus. A VP shunt is a plastic tube that is inserted surgically, to carry excess fluid from the ventricles in the brain, where it builds up, to the abdomen (or "peritoneum") where it can be reabsorbed.
WIC
See Women, Infants, and Children Program
Women, Infants, and Children program (WIC)
a nutrition program that helps pregnant women, new mothers, and young children eat well and stay healthy through provision of supplemental coupons for specific foods and nutritional counseling
Yeast (Candida albicans, monilia, thrush)
a microscopic fungus that can cause infection; yeast infections are common after antibiotic therapy.

Did you know?

There are many risks for have a preterm delivery including uterine fibroids, cervical surgery for removal of cancer or precancerous lesions and multiple gestations. However 50% of women who deliver preterm infants had no identifiable risks.

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